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人工智能，锁定一亿年前那只装成叶子的小虫

智能设备 2021-09-07 18:07:01 转载来源: 果壳

来源丨科学大院（ID：kexuedayuan）作者丨许春鹏王博说到动物的伪装术，你会想到什么？可能你只能想到变色龙和竹节虫，专业的生物学家则能列举出更多：恶魔叶尾壁虎、枯叶螳螂、卡利玛·伊纳库斯蝴蝶……而对于古生物学家来说，一亿年前形成的琥珀里，还埋藏着许多有趣的拟态行为。昆虫的伪装术秘籍昆虫隶属于节肢动物门昆虫纲，是动物界中多样性最高的群体

来源丨科学大院（ID：kexuedayuan）

作者丨许春鹏王博

说到动物的伪装术，你会想到什么？可能你只能想到变色龙和竹节虫，专业的生物学家则能列举出更多：恶魔叶尾壁虎、枯叶螳螂、卡利玛·伊纳库斯蝴蝶……而对于古生物学家来说，一亿年前形成的琥珀里，还埋藏着许多有趣的拟态行为。

昆虫的伪装术秘籍

昆虫隶属于节肢动物门昆虫纲，是动物界中多样性最高的群体。与其他动物相比较，它们往往个体较小，你或许以为它是动物世界里的弱势群体，但它其实是多样性最高的生物。为了躲避天敌或捕捉食物，它们演化出各种神奇的伪装术，修炼了十八般武艺。

伪装术之拟态植物

植物拟态，指的是模拟其生活环境中的植物以达到伪装的效果，例如竹节虫拟态树枝、螽斯拟态树叶等。翅膀退化的竹节虫身体往往会呈修长的树枝状，来模仿植物的树枝；粉色的兰花螳螂可以像一朵小花一样隐藏于兰花丛中。

一眼看过去，你能找到哪个是竹节虫吗？ | pixabay

伪装术之覆物伪装

覆物伪装则是指昆虫主动利用环境中的各种材料遮盖体躯，从而达到伪装效果的行为。覆物行为是昆虫伪装术中非常奇特复杂的一类，需要昆虫同时具有辨别、采集、携带材料的能力以及相关的形态学适应。

例如草蛉的幼虫蚜狮，这类昆虫的身体背部往往长有特化的微小刚毛，这些刚毛可以分泌粘液，将生活环境中的各种碎屑（比如猎物的空壳、细小的植物碎屑或尘屑等）覆盖且粘黏在自己的身体上，用以更好地伪装自己。

背负“战利品”的蚜狮 | pixabay

伪装术之保护色

保护色指的是动植物体表的颜色与周围环境一致或者相似，用以达到迷惑其他生物的目的。例如我们常见的螽斯往往会身披翠绿，隐藏于绿叶之间。

看得见我吗 | pixabay

正是这些生存策略，让小小的昆虫可以与它们的天敌、猎物斗智斗勇，从而能凭借小小的身躯在自然界中很好地生存。然而，昆虫的这些伪装本领是如何起源、如何演化的，早已成为长期困扰众多昆虫学家的谜题。

时空胶囊封存的伪装本领

在漫长的地质历史中，我们想要更好地探索这一问题，只能依靠保存下来的生物化石。素有“时空胶囊”之称的琥珀，可以保存生物的三维结构，毫无疑问是探索这一问题的有力工具。

缅甸琥珀 | 作者提供

近日，来自中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所和武汉大学的科研团队合作发现，昆虫的这种超强的“伪装技能”在一亿年前就已经出现了！他们经过两年的研究，从上千枚白垩纪缅甸琥珀中发现了一类奇特的拟态昆虫以及一系列昆虫覆物行为的化石记录。

这些琥珀的形成年代可以追溯到大约一亿年前，其中包括了拟态植物叶片的蚤蝼，和具有覆物行为的啮虫和蟾蝽。为了纪念化石爱好者王宁，拟态植物的蚤蝼被定名为王氏拟叶蚤蝼。

有趣的是，这只拟叶蚤蝼的伪装术在最初居然骗过了所有人，大家一开始都只把它当成了缅甸琥珀中最常见的卷柏类植物，根本就没有联想到可能会是一只昆虫。科研人员在更高倍数的显微镜下进行了细致观察，发现它并不是什么植物，而是一只蚤蝼。

可千万不要小瞧了这一枚小小的琥珀，虽然它其貌不扬，但是对于古生物学家来说却是可遇不可求的“珍宝”。利用高倍数的显微镜等多种设备，来自南京古生物研究所的科研人员由浅及深地复原出了其形态学特征，并在此基础上不断地进行形态功能学和古生态学的深入研究，一步步抽丝剥茧，破解出了这类拟叶蚤蝼的拟态植物行为。

无论是大小还是形态，拟叶蚤蝼都与同时期苔类和卷柏类植物展现出了极高的相似性：中足腿节与胫节折叠后，与卷柏类植物的小叶极度相似；后足腿节异常膨大，与卷柏类等植物的叶片极其相似。

拟叶蚤蝼（b：整体图，d：中足腿节与胫节，f：后足腿节）与同时期卷柏类植物（a、c：整体图，e：小叶，g：叶片） | 作者提供

此外，本研究还发现了七枚含有覆物伪装昆虫的琥珀，涉及两大类昆虫——啮虫目和半翅目蟾蝽科。其中六枚啮虫目昆虫包括三个形态种类，一枚蟾蝽科昆虫包含一个形态种类。

蟾蝽科昆虫是一类比较凶猛的捕食性昆虫，它们具有带刺的粗壮前足用以捕捉猎物。本次发现的蟾蝽科昆虫背上覆盖有大量的碎屑物，包括土壤颗粒、砂砾和植物碎屑等，这类昆虫极有可能利用背部的刚毛将碎屑物质粘在其背上。我们甚至可以想象出当时的情景——一亿年前，一只蟾蝽后背上背满了砂砾等杂物，隐藏于地面，等待猎物的出现，伺机而动。

覆物伪装的啮虫和蟾蝽 | 作者提供

这一研究工作也极大地引起了著名古生物画师杨定华的注意，经过严谨求证和合理推测，他为拟叶蚤蝼和覆物伪装的蟾蝽绘制了生动形象的生态复原图，将其更好地呈现在我们眼前。

覆物伪装的蟾蝽与它的猎物——拟叶蚤蝼生态复原图 | 杨定华绘制

跨越一亿年，人工智能锁定真相

看到上面的冒充植物叶片的蚤蝼，也许你会觉得不可思议——恕我眼拙，古生物家是怎么确定这是蚤蝼而不是叶子呢？其实，除了古生物学家们的细心和严谨，人工智能也在其中发挥了重要的作用。

由于化石保存的不完备性，人们对化石中拟态行为的判定往往只能依靠肉眼观察与主观判定，缺少定量化的分析与判定。因此，南古所的科研人员与武汉大学大数据与云计算实验室主任崔晓晖带领的研究团队合作，大胆尝试应用人工智能中的孪生神经网络对地质历史时期的拟态行为进行定量分析，并首次提供了一套初步的定量判定模型与方法。

孪生神经网络是近年来新发展的人工智能分析技术，被广泛应用于图像相似度衡量中。这一技术可以提取肉眼无法观察到的多维信息，从而对不同图片之间的多维距离进行定量化计算，并得出不同图像之间的不相似度数值。由此古生物学家便可以客观地判断不同图像之间的相似性，进一步判断昆虫是否拟态。

不同拟态昆虫与植物之间的不相似度计算结果 | 作者提供

早在2016年和2018年，我国科研人员就曾在缅甸琥珀中陆续发现过植物拟态和覆物伪装的化石记录，分别是拟态卷柏等植物的草蛉幼虫，以及覆物伪装的蝶角蛉、细蛉和猎蝽等。而此次的研究中，科研人员又在缅甸琥珀中发现了大量具有拟态和伪装行为的昆虫化石，报道了中生代首个直翅目昆虫拟态植物叶片的记录，并且首次为昆虫化石的拟态提供了一套初步的定量判定模型与方法。

实际上，本次研究成果不仅是啮虫目和半翅目蟾蝽科这两大类昆虫的覆物行为在中生代的首次报道，更将其覆物行为的记录推进到有花植物大辐射（编者注：指被子植物的大爆发）之前，表明了大部分具有覆物行为的昆虫，在当时都已经演化出了覆物伪装这一复杂行为。这充分证明了在有花植物大辐射之前的生态系统中，捕食者与猎物之间的捕食关系已经极其复杂，是不同生物类群之间协同演化的结果。

随着技术的发展，全新的方法和手段正在让古老的化石焕发出新的活力与生机。随着数据库的扩增，人工智能的方法在判定古昆虫的拟态方面一定可以日趋完善和成熟。除此之外，相信在不久的将来，人工智能这一崭新的工具在化石的自动识别与分类等领域一定可以展现出更高的价值。

参考文献

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[2] Liu, X., Shi, G., Xia, F., Lu, X., Wang, B., & Engel, M. S. (2018). Liverwort mimesis in a Cretaceous lacewing larva. Current Biology, 28(9), 1475-1481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.03.060

[3] Xu, C., Wang, B., Fan, L., Jarzembowski, E.A., Fang, Y., Wang, H., Li, T., Zhuo, D., Ding, M., Engel, M.S. (2021). Widespread mimicry and camouflage among mid-Cretaceous insects. Gondwana Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2021.07.025.

[4] Fan, L., Xu, C., Jarzembowski, E. A., Cui, X. (2021). Quantifying plant mimesis in fossil insects using deep learning. Historical Biology, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2021.1952199.

作者单位：中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所

本文经授权转载自中科院官方科普微平台科学大院（ID：kexuedayuan），如需二次转载请联系原作者。

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标签: 人工智能锁定一亿年前装成叶子小虫